About Run-lists

A run-list defines all of the information necessary for Chef to configure a node into the desired state. A run-list is:

An ordered list of roles and/or recipes that are run in the exact order defined in the run-list; if a recipe appears more than once in the run-list, Chef Infra Client will not run it twice
Always specific to the node on which it runs; nodes may have a run-list that is identical to the run-list used by other nodes
Stored as part of the node object on the Chef server
Maintained using knife and then uploaded from the workstation to the Chef Infra Server, or maintained using Chef Automate

Run-list Format

A run-list must be in one of the following formats: fully qualified, cookbook, or default. Both roles and recipes must be in quotes, for example:

"role[NAME]"

"recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE]"

Use a comma to separate roles and recipes when adding more than one item the run-list:

"recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE],COOKBOOK::RECIPE,role[NAME]"

Empty Run-lists

Use an empty run-list to determine if a failed Chef Infra Client run has anything to do with the recipes that are defined within that run-list. This is a quick way to discover if the underlying cause of a Chef Infra Client run failure is a configuration issue. If a failure persists even if the run-list is empty, check the following:

Configuration settings in the config.rb file
Permissions for the user to both the Chef Infra Server and to the node on which a Chef Infra Client run is to take place

Knife Commands

The following knife commands may be used to manage run-lists on the Chef Infra Server.

Quotes, Windows

When running knife in Windows, a string may be interpreted as a wildcard pattern when quotes are not present in the command. The number of quotes to use depends on the shell from which the command is being run.

When running knife from the command prompt, a string should be surrounded by single quotes (' '). For example:

knife node run_list set test-node 'recipe[iptables]'

When running knife from Windows PowerShell, a string should be surrounded by triple single quotes (''' '''). For example:

knife node run_list set test-node '''recipe[iptables]'''

Import-Module chef

The Chef Infra Client 12.4 release adds an optional feature to the Microsoft Installer Package (MSI) for Chef. This feature enables the ability to pass quoted strings from the Windows PowerShell command line without the need for triple single quotes (''' '''). This feature installs a Windows PowerShell module (typically in C:\opscode\chef\modules) that is also appended to the PSModulePath environment variable. This feature is not enabled by default. To activate this feature, run the following command from within Windows PowerShell:

Import-Module chef

or add Import-Module chef to the profile for Windows PowerShell located at:

~\Documents\WindowsPowerShell\Microsoft.PowerShell_profile.ps1

This module exports cmdlets that have the same name as the command-line tools—chef-client, knife—that are built into Chef.

For example:

knife exec -E 'puts ARGV' """&s0meth1ng"""

is now:

knife exec -E 'puts ARGV' '&s0meth1ng'

and:

knife node run_list set test-node '''role[ssssssomething]'''

is now:

knife node run_list set test-node 'role[ssssssomething]'

To remove this feature, run the following command from within Windows PowerShell:

Remove-Module chef

run_list add

Use the run_list add argument to add run-list items (roles or recipes) to a node.

A run-list must be in one of the following formats: fully qualified, cookbook, or default. Both roles and recipes must be in quotes, for example:

"role[NAME]"

"recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE]"

Use a comma to separate roles and recipes when adding more than one item the run-list:

"recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE],COOKBOOK::RECIPE,role[NAME]"

Syntax

This argument has the following syntax:

knife node run_list add NODE_NAME RUN_LIST_ITEM (options)

Options

This argument has the following options:

-a ITEM, --after ITEM: Add a run-list item after the specified run-list item.
-b ITEM, --before ITEM: Add a run-list item before the specified run-list item.

Note

See config.rb for more information about how to add certain knife options as settings in the config.rb file.

Examples

The following examples show how to use this knife subcommand:

Add a role

To add a role to a run-list, enter:

knife node run_list add NODE_NAME 'role[ROLE_NAME]'

Add roles and recipes

To add roles and recipes to a run-list, enter:

knife node run_list add NODE_NAME 'recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME],recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME],role[ROLE_NAME]'

Add a recipe with a FQDN

To add a recipe to a run-list using the fully qualified format, enter:

knife node run_list add NODE_NAME 'recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME]'

Add a recipe with a cookbook

To add a recipe to a run-list using the cookbook format, enter:

knife node run_list add NODE_NAME 'COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME'

Add the default recipe

To add the default recipe of a cookbook to a run-list, enter:

knife node run_list add NODE_NAME 'COOKBOOK'

run_list remove

Use the run_list remove argument to remove run-list items (roles or recipes) from a node. A recipe must be in one of the following formats: fully qualified, cookbook, or default. Both roles and recipes must be in quotes, for example: 'role[ROLE_NAME]' or 'recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME]'. Use a comma to separate roles and recipes when removing more than one, like this: 'recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME],COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME,role[ROLE_NAME]'.

Syntax

This argument has the following syntax:

knife node run_list remove NODE_NAME RUN_LIST_ITEM

Options

This command does not have any specific options.

Note

See config.rb for more information about how to add certain knife options as settings in the config.rb file.

Examples

The following examples show how to use this knife subcommand:

Remove a role

To remove a role from a run-list, enter:

knife node run_list remove NODE_NAME 'role[ROLE_NAME]'

Remove a run-list

To remove a recipe from a run-list using the fully qualified format, enter:

knife node run_list remove NODE_NAME 'recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME]'

run_list set

Use the run_list set argument to set the run-list for a node. A recipe must be in one of the following formats: fully qualified, cookbook, or default. Both roles and recipes must be in quotes, for example: "role[ROLE_NAME]" or "recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME]". Use a comma to separate roles and recipes when setting more than one, like this: "recipe[COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME],COOKBOOK::RECIPE_NAME,role[ROLE_NAME]".

Syntax

This argument has the following syntax:

knife node run_list set NODE_NAME RUN_LIST_ITEM

Options

This command does not have any specific options.

Examples

None.

status

The following examples show how to use the knife status subcommand to verify the status of run-lists.

View status, include run-lists

To include run-lists in the status, enter:

knife status --run-list

to return something like:

20 hours ago, dev-vm.chisamore.com, ubuntu 10.04, dev-vm.chisamore.com, 10.66.44.126, role[lb].
3 hours ago, i-225f954f, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-67-202-63-102.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 67.202.63.102, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-a45298c9, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-174-129-127-206.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 174.129.127.206, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-5272a43f, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-184-73-9-250.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 184.73.9.250, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-226ca64f, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-75-101-240-230.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 75.101.240.230, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-f65c969b, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-184-73-60-141.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 184.73.60.141, role[web].

View status using a query

To show the status of a subset of nodes that are returned by a specific query, enter:

knife status "role:web" --run-list

to return something like:

3 hours ago, i-225f954f, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-67-202-63-102.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 67.202.63.102, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-a45298c9, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-174-129-127-206.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 174.129.127.206, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-5272a43f, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-184-73-9-250.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 184.73.9.250, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-226ca64f, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-75-101-240-230.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 75.101.240.230, role[web].
3 hours ago, i-f65c969b, ubuntu 10.04, ec2-184-73-60-141.compute-1.amazonaws.com, 184.73.60.141, role[web].

Run-lists, Applied

A run-list will tell Chef Infra Client what to do when bootstrapping that node for the first time, and then how to configure that node on every subsequent Chef Infra Client run.

Bootstrap Operations

The knife bootstrap command is a common way to install Chef Infra Client on a node. The default for this approach assumes that a node can access the Chef website so that it may download the Chef Infra Client package from that location.

The Chef Infra Client installer will detect the version of the operating system, and then install the appropriate Chef Infra Client version using a single command to install Chef Infra Client and all of its dependencies, including an embedded version of Ruby, OpenSSL, parsers, libraries, and command line utilities.

The Chef Infra Client installer puts everything into a unique directory (/opt/chef/) so that Chef Infra Client will not interfere with other applications that may be running on the target machine. Once installed, Chef Infra Client requires a few more configuration steps before it can perform its first Chef Infra Client run on a node.

A node is any physical, virtual, or cloud device that is configured and maintained by an instance of Chef Infra Client. Bootstrapping installs Chef Infra Client on a target system so that it can run as a client and sets the node up to communicate with a Chef Infra Server. There are two ways to do this:

Run the knife bootstrap command from a workstation.
Perform an unattended install to bootstrap from the node itself, without requiring SSH or WinRM connectivity.

The following diagram shows the stages of the bootstrap operation, and the list below the diagram describes each of those stages in greater detail.

During a knife bootstrap bootstrap operation, the following happens:

Stages	Description
knife bootstrap	Enter the `knife bootstrap` subcommand from a workstation. Include the hostname, IP address, or FQDN of the target node as part of this command. Knife will establish an SSH or WinRM connection with the target system and run a bootstrap script.
Get the install script from Chef	The shell script will make a request to the Chef website to get the most recent version of a the Chef Infra Client install script(`install.sh` or `install.ps1`).
Get the Chef Infra Client package from Chef	The install script then gathers system-specific information and determines the correct package for Chef Infra Client, and then downloads the appropriate package from `omnitruck-direct.chef.io`.
Install Chef Infra Client	Chef Infra Client is installed on the target node using a system native package (.rpm, .msi, etc).
Start a Chef Infra Client run	On UNIX and Linux-based machines: The second shell script executes the `chef-client` binary with a set of initial settings stored within `first-boot.json` on the node. `first-boot.json` is generated from the workstation as part of the initial `knife bootstrap` subcommand. On Windows machines: The batch file that is derived from the windows-chef-client-msi.erb bootstrap template executes the `chef-client` binary with a set of initial settings stored within `first-boot.json` on the node. `first-boot.json` is generated from the workstation as part of the initial `knife bootstrap` subcommand.
Complete a Chef Infra Client run	a Chef Infra Client run proceeds, using HTTPS (port 443), and registers the node with the Chef Infra Server. The first Chef Infra Client run, by default, contains an empty run-list. A run-list can be specified as part of the initial bootstrap operation using the `--run-list` option as part of the `knife bootstrap` subcommand.

The Chef Infra Client Run

A “Chef Infra Client run” is the term used to describe the steps Chef Infra Client takes to configure a node when the chef-client command is run. The following diagram shows the various stages that occur during a Chef Infra Client run.

During every Chef Infra Client run, the following happens:

Stages	Description
Get configuration data	Chef Infra Client gets process configuration data from the client.rb file on the node, and then gets node configuration data from Ohai. One important piece of configuration data is the name of the node, which is found in the `node_name` attribute in the client.rb file or is provided by Ohai. If Ohai provides the name of a node, it is typically the FQDN for the node, which is always unique within an organization.
Authenticate to the Chef Infra Server	Chef Infra Client authenticates to the Chef Infra Server using an RSA private key and the Chef Infra Server API. The name of the node is required as part of the authentication process to the Chef Infra Server. If this is the first Chef Infra Client run for a node, the chef-validator will be used to generate the RSA private key.
Get, rebuild the node object	Chef Infra Client pulls down the node object from the Chef Infra Server and then rebuilds it. A node object is made up of the system attributes discovered by Ohai, the attributes set in Policyfiles or Cookbooks, and the run list of cookbooks. The first time Chef Infra Client runs on a node, it creates a node object from the default run-list. A node that has not yet had a Chef Infra Client run will not have a node object or a Chef Infra Server entry for a node object. On any subsequent Chef Infra Client runs, the rebuilt node object will also contain the run-list from the previous Chef Infra Client run.
Expand the run-list	Chef Infra Client expands the run-list from the rebuilt node object and compiles a complete list of recipes in the exact order that they will be applied to the node.
Synchronize cookbooks	Chef Infra Client requests all the cookbook files (including recipes, templates, resources, providers, attributes, and libraries) that it needs for every action identified in the run-list from the Chef Infra Server. The Chef Infra Server responds to Chef Infra Client with the complete list of files. Chef Infra Client compares the list of files to the files that already exist on the node from previous runs, and then downloads a copy of every new or modified file from the Chef Infra Server.
Reset node attributes	All attributes in the rebuilt node object are reset. All attributes from attribute files, Policyfiles, and Ohai are loaded. Attributes that are defined in attribute files are first loaded according to cookbook order. For each cookbook, attributes in the `default.rb` file are loaded first, and then additional attribute files (if present) are loaded in lexical sort order. If attribute files are found within any cookbooks that are listed as dependencies in the `metadata.rb` file, these are loaded as well. All attributes in the rebuilt node object are updated with the attribute data according to attribute precedence. When all the attributes are updated, the rebuilt node object is complete.
Compile the resource collection	Chef Infra Client identifies each resource in the node object and builds the resource collection. Libraries are loaded first to ensure that all language extensions and Ruby classes are available to all resources. Next, attributes are loaded, followed by custom resources. Finally, all recipes are loaded in the order specified by the expanded run-list. This is also referred to as the "compile phase".
Converge the node	Chef Infra Client configures the system based on the information that has been collected. Each resource is executed in the order identified by the run-list, and then by the order in which each resource is listed in each recipe. Each resource defines an action to run, which configures a specific part of the system. This process is also referred to as convergence. This is also referred to as the "execution phase".
Update the node object, process exception and report handlers	When all the actions identified by resources in the resource collection have been done and Chef Infra Client finishes successfully, then Chef Infra Client updates the node object on the Chef Infra Server with the node object built during a Chef Infra Client run. (This node object will be pulled down by Chef Infra Client during the next Chef Infra Client run.) This makes the node object (and the data in the node object) available for search. Chef Infra Client always checks the resource collection for the presence of exception and report handlers. If any are present, each one is processed appropriately.
Get, run Chef InSpec Compliance Profiles	After the Chef Infra Client run finishes, it begins the Compliance Phase, which is a Chef InSpec run within the Chef Infra Client. Chef InSpec retrieves tests from either a legacy audit cookbook or a current InSpec profile.
Send or Save Compliance Report	When all the InSpec tests finish running, Chef InSpec checks the reporting handlers defined in the legacy audit cookbook or in a current InSpec profile and processes them appropriately.
Stop, wait for the next run	When everything is configured and the Chef Infra Client run is complete, Chef Infra Client stops and waits until the next time it is asked to run.